"When anthropologists nowadays speak of “value”—particularly, when they refer to “value” in the singular when one writing twenty years ago would have spoken of “values” in the plural—they are at the very least implying that the fact that all these things should be called by the same word is no coincidence. That ultimately, these are all refractions of the same thing. But if one reflects on it at all, this is a very challenging notion. It would mean, for instance, that when we talk about the “meaning” of a word, and when we talk about the “meaning of life,” we are not talking about utterly different things. And that both have something in common with the sale-price of a refrigerator."
—David Graeber,
An Anthropological Theory of Value
Į̣̳̞̹̼̳̱̞͇̻͔̣͇̖̼̖̇ͯ̔̽̐̑̾͆̀̇́̏̌͋ͪ̎̒̍̄́͝͠ ̶̶̗͔̬͇̙͗ͣ̔̍̍̋͐́̅ͬ̇̚j͍̦̙̩̹̥̣̖̻̝͈ͬͣͭ̊ͪ̈͟͡͡͡ȕ̷̶̷̡̝̜̝̹̰͚͓̰̱͂ͧͫ͆̒͆͒ͥ̏ͩͬͭͅs̡̐̌̈ͪͯͭ̚͜҉̧̤̠̭͉͡t̵̨̺͉̳̣͕̟̫̗̟̬̳̰̋ͪ̑̍̓͑ͬ͘͢͝ ̨̤͙̙̤͊͗ͣ̓͂ͬw̛ͦͯ͒̇̈̾̓ͤ̉̈́̈́̊͛͒̚҉͔̝̗͍̬̜̖͍͙̮̻̠̳͙̗ͅą̷̵͖͍̞̜̬̘͖̜̘̘͊͊ͦ̄̋͑ͩ͐n̶̹̥̖͉̯̻̠͎͚̫̪̖̭͇̮̅̽̀ͪ͋ͣ̄ͪͮ͛͞ͅͅṭ̸̡͙̬̲͔̰̦̠̳̭̞̯͖̹͐́̍͐ͩ̃ͭ̓ͮ̔̓̉̃́͞e̶̷̢̲̠̜̥̱̖̻̳̣̞̮̰̥̤̤̹͉͈̹̅ͣͫͫ̈́͗ͤͪ̆̿́̚͡d̳̼̮̥̝̤͕͚̘͙̞̟̪͖͉̱̉̔͐̂ͪͪ͌͐͗ͮ̾͋̚͘͘ ̳̳̮͚̭̱̘̺̺̳͖̦̹̹̲̪̏͐ͦ̋ͯ͜͢t̷̅̌̓ͭ̀̽̀ͯ̋ͩ͗ͭ̑̀̂͗͒҉͇̦̬̭̪̻̝o̶͖͓̳̻̫͈̮̤̥͈̥͓̱̍͌̀͆̀͝ ̶̵̛̖̪͙̲̫̹̱̤͇̏̾̍̃̉̇̏̈ͮ̐̔͂ͥ̐̒̚͡s̴̷̥̫͉̝̭̥̝͕͕̱͔͓͚̦̝̈ͣͭ́̋̓ͦ̓̀̄̓̓̿ͯͅͅa̛̤͉̼̬͓͚͎͉̪̟̻̹̫͎̮͕̗͐̈ͫ̊͌͊ͤ͋̓ͩͣ̆ͩ̔͌̌́͟͜ͅy̶̓͛̆̋ͣ̃̉͏̨͎̯̠̜̘͖
ReplyDelete̢̢͚̘͉̠̮͎̼͉̗̙̦̦͍̪̩̦̲̘ͨ̃̌̊̿͘͘͜ṭ̨̢͇͖̘̳͔̮̞̥̽̅̿͋ͤͬ̍͐ͪ̈́͂ͧ͑̇͢͝͠h̛̤͚̤͎̩͚͔̦̜̺̜̝͖͎̺͔͋ͤ̓̃ͯ̿͐̒ͣ̾͑͒͠ͅa̜̱͈̪̳ͨ̄̍̾̎̚͜͜͡t̡̢̨̜̮̥̞̱̞͔͇̝͕̻̱̹̼̙̲͌ͣ́̋̌̾ͥ͌̈́̋͋̐̂ͤ̐̃͊̚̚ ͍̭͔͍̤͍̣̭̼̱͇̥̱̰̮ͭ̇ͮͯ̂̇ͫͦ͌̀͝ͅḮ̡ͭͦ͆̌̈͛͗͘͏̶҉̟͖̺̩̗̦̞̹̘̜̲ ̱̠̲͇̟̞͈̞̟͔̬̺͕ͥ̔̈́̉̿̈́ͯ͐̓̍̉͋̿ͩ͗́̕͜ͅr̷̛͔̪̼̬ͣͪͦ̎͛̃̎̄̊̇ͧ̉ͫ͋̓̈̕͟ȩ͔̣̼͎̝̺̭̙͚̀͌͛̾ͯ̈́ͩ͌͂̿̽̓̃̎̒͑̚͜͝ͅa̷͇̲̜͕̗̼̫͖͋ͧ̍̐̇ͦ̌̚͠l̠͇̗̳̱̩̞͕̞̻̦̲͈̺̫͎̝̋̑͋ͭ͢͟͠l̷̛̗͙̠̘͎͎̬̖̤̻̪̳̜̭̲̜̳ͧ̈ͥ͒̿̋̌̿ͮ́y̌̊̈́̓̈́̄ͪͥ͂ͩ̒͏҉̷̤̤̘̘̫͙̪̠̙̘̦̻͚̮̙ ̧̛ͥ̂͌ͯ̅ͧͫ̚̚͢͏̬͍̳̦͎͖̻̫͚̝̭̻̦ͅl̷͐͒͊̔ͮͧ̈҉͇̭̝̟́ͅͅo̷̢̨͔͉̱̫̮͛́̑͗ͤ̑͐͗̿́́͘v͖͎̱̬̝͇͉̻͕̗̗̈́̊ͨͣͮ̆̌̓ͦ́͢e̶̜̘̲̜̬̺̥̞̺͚͙̲̝̭̪̙̫̅̿ͣ̄ͫͮ͋ͭ͒̈̐̔͑̎ͤͩ͆̕͢ ̸͖̺̜̼̬͚̠̗̳̈́ͫ͆̇ͩͩ͌ͣ͗̎̓͂̇̑͋̚̚̚͢͞͞͠y̫̞͙̹̖̗̺̟̯͖̞̺̝͍̲͉͎̪̰̒̉̃̓̿ͥ͌̊̃ͫͤͤͪ̇̂̂ͯ͗͘͢͜͢͡ö̵̴̭͚̝̙͈̂̆̃̀u̧͍̬͉̱̗̮̩̗̹̿ͥ͗̄̀͊̊̔̔̇̂̾͡ ̶͙̳̠̬̙̣̩͌̽̉͒͌͑ĝͤ͌̈́͌̐͒̐̓ͥ̈̔ͦͥ͏͏̸҉̙̘̩̣̝̙̯̺̻̼̪ṷ̶̸̧̧̨̼͙̖͖̱͔ͯ̔͂̀ͅͅỵ̨̡̮̟̯͈͋̂́̏̔̈́́͒ṣ̡̲̞̻̹͙̝̼̟̥͚͈̲̪͔̪̪͓͌̍̄͑͋̇͋̓ͭ͝ͅ!̴̨͚̖̱̠͍̱̳̫̮͖̇̑͆̄̕͟
̶̹͉͇̤̿̑̅͋ͩ̎̉͊ͩ̓ͦͩ͝͡Iͣͭ̎͂̀͌̃̋̐͑͐̂͆҉̖̱̭͖͍̹̙͉̠͕̯̹͓͖͞ ̷̷̶̮͖͚̻͓̙̖̪̜̤̫̪̳̜͚̦̻̗̈̑̉̕͝l̵̷͖̰̪̻̻̖͈̦͙͌̌͊ͤ͌̓͛̐̓͐ͯͥͨͧ̐̽͟͠o̡ͩ͌ͩ̈́̎̑̾͊̊̾ͦ̓̀̚͢͡͏̬͚̻̙̭̥̳̻̝̭̖̮̗v̨͉̗͓̿͒̇̀ͯ̐̿ͪ̐̅ͣͬ̒́̚͜͠͝ĕ̡̠̦̫̗̑͗̽͛̆̏̋̔̈̅ͮ̓͗͢ ̴ͯ̍̔͐͒͋̃ͮ̋̋̈̋͏̱̠͈̗͕̹̲̳̝̳̤̦͙̣̫̜̬̀͜y̧͚̯͉̜̣̗̝̼̻̗͑̓̊̂̽̋ͭ̅̐̄ͪͪ̋͒ͭ̕͟o̵̫̙̯̺̩͕̺̹͚͈̬̰̜͕̎͂ͨ̍͑͋̕ͅừͭ̂͊̆ͬ̌ͣ͛̌̽ͫ̈̚͞͏̛̮̝̼̻̖̞͚̮̥̙͓̰̠̪̺̟ͅr͍͔͉̟͇̫̥̟̯͔̤̘͕͔͎͉̭̾̋ͨ̓͒̀̈́̋̓̏̑ͣ̑ͭ͆̿ͯ͐̀ ̨ͧ͋͛̾͆͒̀͗ͭ̾ͧͯ̏̅̚͏͟͏͏̤̥̭͚̟̳̩̜͖̯ͅȃ̢̼̤̮͙̦̭̟̲͇̩̩͚̒̑ͫ̏̾ͥͤͭ̋̉ͮ͡r̶͇̘͇̘̮͕͇͔̝̺͔̱̱͚̻ͣͣ͂̆ͥ̇̿ͯ̇͐̓̓̋ͨ͒ͯͭ́̚t̢̟̘̣̘͓̜͇͔̻̮͒̈́̊͌̑ͥ̒̑̓̉ͩ͗͗̆̓̎͊́͜͟
̵̶͉̗̺̺̯̙͇͕͈̯̯͙̟̦̈̿̀ͤ̂̉͆̓̀ͫ̑a̧͙̼̝͎̗̩̦̞̲̘̗̙̠ͨͦ̅̎̑̀͋ͫ͂͆̇̂ͯ̏̍͂ͭͨ͢ṇ̬͙̫͍͈̩̲͔̱̘̟͚̩̲͇̺̈̽ͮ͡ͅd̵̢̉͆ͤ̄͌ͭͩ̎̒̎̏̓͛̓͜͢҉͍̲͉̹̱̖͖̻̼͓̯͔̜͎͚̩̝ͅ ̡̧̛̘̮͓̼̮̤̝͙̖͈̖͓̺̦̝̓͛̐̎̒̓̀̒͋̑̆̚͞ͅͅy̸͈̳̙̮̼̮̭͓͓̭͍͔̟̜͐ͯ̇̍͒ͧ̔͗͌ͪ̌͒̏͛͞͠o̷̡͆ͬ̈ͭͩ͗ͭ͒͂͊ͮ̉ͧ̎̓͐̾͏͞͏̜͚̱̜̖̺̠͍̠̭͉̪̤̮͚̗͎̣ͅu̓̒ͥ͌͂ͫ̉̈̓͌ͯͫ̓͝͏̷̟̪͙͍̮̜͉̳̥̖̘̲̮͈͙ͅr̶͉͍͇̹̘̠͕̘͔̞̝͎̞͛̓͋ͪ̀͆ͫ̑̅̆̆̽̀̈͡ ̹͓̭̬͇̭̼̟͎̥̗̯͙̪ͭͫͧ̑́͘ͅṩ̣͈̩̙̝͙̖͕̰̤͛̉̆̾̈̾͆́͠͝m̶̴̛̠̫͙͎͎̞͙̘̠͖̘̖̮̏͋͂̋̒̋iͦ̒̎͒̒̇ͩͦ̌̐ͧ̇͐͊ͤ̃͏̡̨̯̖̮̟͚͉͖͓̻͍̭͕̠̟̮̖͠ḷ̨͖͍͉̬̤̰̣̦̰̩͂̇̈́ͨ́̽̂ͯͨ͑͐̽͐ͩ̊ë̢͚̗̭̭̱̙̣̰͉͚̰͖̰̜̯̰̹́̽ͣ̒͗ͪ̒́̆s̷̛̜̘̠͔̦̤͚̝̹̣̱̖̼̥̤̱̰͉̭ͩͫ̒ͥ̓͐ͥ̈͊͗̚!̈̉̍̅͑͗̽ͮ͆͗ͩͭ̇̇̃̾͏̳̻̰̹͇̥͎̳͓͈̱͇ͅ
̈́ͤ͑̓͗̑ͬ̌ͫ̕͏͏̶̨̣͎̘̹̞̜̙̹͚̱̳̱͇̰͇͈̪̳ͅK̴̷̵͔̖̻͈̹͕̱̘̯̬̮ͪ̾̄ͨͤ̎ͫͪ͞͞ȅ̡̠͍͉̣̳̥̣͓̞̫̳̹̾̀̉́̕ȅ̶̛̘̝̭̤̦̜̭̠͉͈͉̲̹̪͓ͦ̌̐̔ͤ́̿͟͞͡p̟͔̭͙̟͌̇̎̿̒̒ͨ̆͡ ͗̈́̏̆́̐͗́ͦ҉̤̦͈̮̩̹̳͙̫͝o̶͕̙̺͔̦̠̮͇̹̝͎̫̪̲̯̙̝ͩ̋̐͒̅̚͝͠͞͝ͅn̸̨͍͍̖͉̬͎͉̠̝̈́̑̓͛ͬ͌̾ͤ͒͋ͯ̊̈̃͋̆͑́̚͡ ̧̢̡̹̺̻̖͖̳̩̹̰̅̑̌̅ͤr̛͎̝̪̦̺͇̜̗͑͋̂̓͋̀̊͒̓o̶̘͖̱͇͙̳͇̩̬̗̠̫ͩͩͨ̋͑͗͆ͫ͒́͞͡c̵̛͕̞̫̺̺͇͑̃ͪ̒̉̒̓̇̏̔̂̉͐̀k̶̢̰̩̙̣̟̘͇ͫ̍͗̽̄̀ĩ̴̢̛̽̅̌̽̈́̈̈͒̽ͫͩ̑͏̧͎͖̹̪ņ̶̷͕̜̪̳̘͔͉̤͂͌̊̓̌̑ģ̢̏̅̄ͫ̈̊̓̿̽͆̎͛͊̑͂͆͏̳͖̝͜ͅ,̵͙̜̬͊͑̊ͦͯ̄̇̀͐ͥͥ͛̀ ̷͉͖͉̘͎̅ͤͤ̇ͤͨͩͯ̃̍̿̾̍ͭͩ͂̃ͪ
̸̠͍̰̞̟͎̳͎̪̥͇̅̾ͭͫ͋͗ͪ͊̄̑̑͆͛̋̎̊͒͘͢ͅẏ̢̖̠͈̲͎̼̙͗͆̆͌̃̅ͨ̎ͧ͐̀o̸͗͂ͬ͑̊͊̍̀͛̉ͦͭ̓ͦ̌ͩͮ͜͏̭̣̖̙̺̥̼̠̝͖̤̘̰ư̸̂ͤ́͛͋̾̔ͩ̊͆͛ͨ̄̈̑̂̆̄ͧ͏̬͎͖̠̲̤̪̤̼͡ ̛͉̹̳͍̺̗͈͇̩̺͖̲ͣ̌͂ͬ̐͋̏̔̃͗ͩ̃́̓͋ͯ̕͡a̷̧̰̥̻̠͖̗͚͖̦̗̼̞̻̣̲̘͎͉̤ͥ̾̎̓͑̏͛̋ͮ̃̊ͩͨ̓ͩ̈̉̍̌͡͡͠r̘̳̘͍̩̞̮̞͍̞̫̬̦̹̖̺̿̈ͤ͒̃̔͌ͯ̌̚͝ȩ̶̫̥̼̭̣̯̱̖̤̰̹̌̀ͮ̊̽ͮ̎͑̒̒ͨ́̚͟͞ ̷̧̡̛̯̖͈̬̠͚̜̫̻̲̻̹̫̬̦̼̙̳̉͊̿̄͌̎̿̆̔͟ͅt̅ͭ͂ͬͥ̔́̃̎̆͋ͫ̔̀̂ͦ̄̿̌͡͏̢͙̩͖͎̜̦̭̥̗̣̼̠̣h̷̡̨̟̥̦̰̤̼̹̐̍ͬ̒̿ͣ̋ͯe̡̢͉̪͎͉̲̼͕͍̱͍͚̺̞͚̠̱͊͗̿̔̍̌͊̿̌̂͢ ̴̴̧̥͔̜̯̹͉͍̲ͭ̒̂̓̆̿̅̇̈̐́̀̕s̛̬̱̪͉͔̼̟̪̖͕̀̄ͦ̀̃ͭ͘͠͠ṫ̶̴͇̗̙̱͇̰̮̫̭̥̞ͦͯͩ̃̂̈͂̎͐̐̿̐ͯ̒ͩ̽̚͠å̶̤̭͚͉͙̤̪̠̺̖̯̘̭̫͉͛̿̔̽̓̐͆́ͅͅŗ̵̟͈̲̺̣͚̪͓͕̼͔̠̍̒̄ͧͪ̽̾̇ͭ̓̈ͤ̈́̒̚s̸̮̞̳͕̥̟͔̤͖͖̺̲̪ͪ̌̓̋ͅ ̸̛̭̪̱̟̳̝̭͈͖̯͙͍̈́͐ͩ̓̆̾ͦ̒ͬ̉͐͑͟o̷̸̸͕̠͈̯̺̫̖̤͙̬̮̯̭̥ͮ̽̃̍̓̓̀̓ͩ̌͋ͫͫ̕f̷̨ͮ͊̍͆̀̔̌̅ͭ̀̇̅̃̃̇̆͗̃͢҉̖̠̦̗̘̞̘̳̤̙̳̬̫̯̹́ͅ ͑̏͌͒͠͏͏͖̗͎̮̲͟t̸̴̶̨̹̬̙̯̤̆͒͛̉̒̅̓ͯͬ͛͜h̪̥͔̪̣̥̻͈̬̟͍͎̣͐̆̏̌̓ͦ̍ͯ̍͘͘ͅͅe̡̛͕͕̲̰̥̰̯̫͍̦̮̱̩̦͖͍̺̽͑͒̅̎͒̆̂ͩͭͬ́ͅ ̨̬̣̣̗͈̳̯̬̣̦̱͇̫̲̥͖̗͍̫ͣͩ́͌͛̿͛̑͛ͬ̓͆̿ͪ̂͐́̕
̨̠̤̥̼̗͇̲̫͍͍͈̺̫̳̻̮̘̺ͤ͆̇̍͂̒ͪ͌ͧͥ͜͜͠ã̾̅̋̾̑̌̊ͨ̂͑ͬͯ̈́ͥ̚͏̛̖͔̩͙̘͉̳͎̦̰͖̳̝͚r̻͈̜͚̃͋̎ͬͣͫ͞͝t̸̰͇̩̪͎̭̤̱͚̭̗̻͓̰̑̿ͭ͗̏̓̇͑̏
̢̜̱͓͎̼͖̻͖͑ͬ͋̌͊ͯ̿̒̄̐̆̋͐ͣ̄͐͜ŵͣ͒ͦ̂̉ͬ̚̕̕͏̸͇̖͚͉͇̮̱͓̖̘̟̤̰̠̳̹̫ͅő̸̷̴̱̘̰̟̅ͪ̌ͤ͂̅́̚͞rͨͪ̈ͫͥ̉̉̑͂̓̔ͣ̊̂ͬ͗̋̾̍̕͟͏̶̫̗͚̼̗̰̺̤̞̀ĺ̿̏̓͛̓҉̛̛͝҉̥̟̥̲͕̠̩͇̺͙͓̭̮̩̰͉̹d̸̢̻̘̝̙͐̾̀ͨ̐̑ͬ̒͌̚͜͟!̬͇͓͙̯̫̮̪̘̃̂͆̇̿̌̓͛̈̀ͬͯ̅ͤ͆ͩͥ́̎͟͢͟͡
Yeah, what that guy said.
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